History of Jewelry

Humans have used jewellery for a number of different reasons:

functional, generally to fix clothing or hair in place
as a marker of social status and personal status, as with a wedding ring
as a signifier of some form of affiliation, whether ethnic, religious or social
to provide talismanic protection (in the form of amulets)[4]
as an artistic display
as a carrier or symbol of personal meaning – such as love, mourning, or even luck
Most cultures at some point have had a practice of keeping large amounts of wealth stored in the form of jewellery. Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins. Alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good;[5] an example being the use of slave beads.[6]

Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as purely functional items, but evolved into decorative items as their functional requirement diminished.

Jewellery can also symbolise group membership (as in the case, of the Christian crucifix or the Jewish Star of David) or status (as in the case of chains of office, or the Western practice of married people wearing wedding rings).

Polymerization degree and Raman identification of ancient glasses used for jewelry, ceramic enamels and mosaics

Abstract

We demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy as a technique for the identification of ancient glasses and enamel coatings of ceramics. As for any silicate glasses, the addition of network modifiers breaks the Si–O linkages and modifies the degree of polymerization and hence the relative intensity of the Si–O bending and stretching modes. We demonstrate empirically that the ratio of these envelopes is well correlated to the glass structure and to the firing technology used. Spectral Qn components assigned to isolated and connected SiO4 vibrational units allow more precise analysis. Selected porcelains, faiences, potteries and glasses representative of the different Asian, Islamic and European production technologies were studied. Modern porcelain enamels are used as compositional references.

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